HIV Prevention in Africa :: HIV in Africa

HIV prevention in Africa A continuing rise in the number of HIV infected people is not inevitable. There is growing evidence that prevention efforts can be effective, and this includes initiatives in some of the most heavily affected countries. One new study in Zambia has shown success in prevention efforts. The study reported that urban men and women are less sexually active, that fewer had multiple partners and that condoms were used more consistently. This is in line with findings that HIV prevalence has declined significantly among 15-29 year-old urban women (down to 24.1% in 1999 from 28.3% in 1996). Although these rates are still unacceptably high, this drop has prompted a hope that, if Zambia continues this response, it could become the second African country to reverse a devastating epidemic. This suggests that awareness campaigns and prevention programs are now starting to work. But a major challenge is to sustain and build on such uncertain success. What form should AIDS education take? Peer education A social form of education without classrooms or notebooks, where people are educated outside a 'school' environment but still have the opportunity to ask questions. Most peer education focuses on providing information about HIV transmission, answering questions and handing out condoms to people in a workplace, perhaps in a bar, or where a group of women gather to wash clothes. Most peer educators make contact with their target audience at least weekly and their sessions will usually be in the context of informal discussions with individual people or within a group. Active learning Active learning can sometimes link into peer education, especially when AIDS education is aimed at young people, as one of the best methods of learning something oneself is to teach it to others. Blanket education A general message aimed at the population as a whole. Blanket education usually aims to inform the population about which behaviors are risky and to give them support in changing these behaviors. Targeted education This type of strategy is usually used to speak to social groups who are perceived as being at a high risk of HIV infection. It focuses on risky activities particular to the specific target group. AFRICA ALIVE! January of 2000 kicked off the campaign to literally help keep Africa Alive! in the new millennium. The Mission of the Africa Alive! campaign is to give youth the skills they need to fight against HIV/AIDS. The vision is a new generation of Africans who are HIV/AIDS-free.

Pegasus Airlines Essay

Please read the case on page 36-37 and answer the following questions: Question 1: Give examples of the needs, wants and demands that Pegasus customers demonstrate, differentiating these 3 concepts. What are the implications of each for Pegasus’ practices? (10 points) ————————————————- ————————————————- Examples of needs: Pegasus’ customers need diversification. examples of wants: Customers are willing to improve the airline company and reflect their opinions, mostly by the website â€Å"Pegasus listens to you†. examples of demands: low-cost flights, choice between many destinations , good quality services, and discounts and other benefits for the customers. The implications of each for Pegasus’ practices are based on the orientation on customers. So, they want to satisfy their customers and meet their expectations. ————————————————- Question 2: Describe in detail all the facets of Pegasus’ product. What is being exchanged in a Pegasus transaction? (10 points) ————————————————- ————————————————- Pegasus sells customers a product, a ticket for a flight. Since it is a low-cost airline company, the tickets are not very expensive and compared to other airline companies the tickets are cheap. But Pegasus is not a company with low quality service like most other low-cost airline companies, they in fact focus on satisfying their customers. So besides the flight they give the customers all kind of discounts and benefits. For example they have: a credit loyalty card to reduce insurance rate, have a refund strategy for when departure is delayed, give away free tickets for winners of events on  social networks. Also the company really meets the customers’ expectations and the company improves itself by listening to the customers’ voice. ————————————————- ————————————————- Question 3: Which of the 5 marketing management concepts best applies to Pegasus? (5 points) ————————————————- ————————————————- Pegasus wants to satisfy the customer as much as possible when they choose Pegasus airline by all kinds of discounts and benefits. This is a good example of the marketing concept, where the idea is that the organizational goal is to deliver the desired satisfaction better than competitors by adapting your product/service to the needs and wants of the customer. So that means they definitely apply best to the marketing concept. ————————————————- ————————————————- Question 4: What value does Pegasus create for its customers? (10 points) ————————————————- The most important value is that Pegasus has a great price-quality ratio. That is basically the main reason why they are so popular in Turkey and the neighbour countries, if Pegasus holds on to that strategy they seriously could be more successful. Other values that Pegasus gives their customers is that, Pegasus insures successful service through safety, training and is devoted employees, it employs creative communication with customers, it offers great destinations and easy access to international hubs and it uses efficient management techniques, delivering low prices with a high-quality service experience. ————————————————- Question 5: Is Pegasus likely to continue being successful in building customer relationships? Why or why not? (5 points) ————————————————- The relatively good relationship between Pegasus and its customers, will highly likely be continued. ————————————————-  Because the economy of Turkey is currently stable, especially compared with the European countries and the United states. Which basically means that they could keep continue with their strategy. Moreover Pegasus created a Twitter and Facebook account several years ago. With which they keep close touch with their customers. Social media has been a great hype lately. Since the early 2000s social media became a great way to communicate with friends, relatives and even colleagues . Soon enough companies found out that social media is good way to make commercials. Pegasus automatically focuses on the youth as their target group. This is a target group that has been increasingly integrating social media such as Facebook and Twitter into their daily life. The y outh of today is the customer of tomorrow! That is the main reason that we think that the relatively good relationship between Pegasus and its customers will be continued in the future. ————————————————-

Republic of South Africa Essay

South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in the world.[19][20][21] Extensive fossil remains at the Sterkfontein, Kromdraai and Makapansgat caves suggest that various australopithecines existed in South Africa from about three million years ago.[22] These were succeeded by various species of Homo, including Homo habilis, Homo erectus and modern humans, Homo sapiens. Settlements of Bantu-speaking peoples, who were iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were already present south of the Limpopo River by the fourth or fifth century CE. (see Bantu expansion). They displaced, conquered and absorbed the original Khoisan speakers. The Bantu slowly moved south. The earliest ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the Xhosa people, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people. The Xhosa reached the Great Fish River, in today’s Eastern Cape Province. As they migrated, these larger Iron Age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples, who often had hunter-gatherer societies.[citation needed] Republic of South Africa (1961–present) In 1487, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to reach the southernmost point of Africa. Initially named the Cape of Storms, The King of Portugal, John II, renamed it the Cabo da Boa Esperanà §a or Cape of Good Hope, as it led to the riches of India. Dias’ great feat of navigation was later immortalised in Camà µes’ epic Portuguese poem, The Lusiads (1572). In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck established a refreshment station at the Cape of Good Hope on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch transported slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India as labour for the colonists in Cape Town. As they expanded east, the Dutch settlers met the south-westerly expanding Xhosa people in the region of the Fish River. A series of wars, called the Cape Frontier Wars, ensued, mainly caused by conflicting land and livestock interests. Great Britain took over the Cape of Good Hope area in 1795, ostensibly to stop it from falling under Revolutionary French control. Given its standing interests in Australia and India, Great Britain wanted to use Cape Town as an interim port for its merchants’ long voyages. The British returned Cape Town to the Dutch in 1803, but soon afterwards the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy. The British annexed the Cape Colony in 1806. The British continued the frontier wars against the Xhosa, pushing the eastern frontier eastward through a line of forts established along the Fish River. They consolidated the territory by encouraging British settlement. Due to pressure of abolitionist societies in Britain, the British parliament first stopped its global slave trade with the passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807, then abolished slavery in all its colonies with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Boers in combat (1881)In the first two decades of the 19th century, the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader, Shaka.[23] Shaka’s depredations led indirectly to the Mfecane (â€Å"Crushing†) that devastated the inland plateau in the early 1820s.[24] An offshoot of the Zulu, the Matabele, created an even larger empire under their king Mzilikazi, including large parts of the highveld. During the 1830s, approximately 12,000 Boers (later known as Voortrekkers), departed from the Cape Colony, where they had been subjected to British control. They migrated to the future Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal regions. The Boers founded the Boer Republics: the South African Republic (now Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West provinces) and the Orange Free State (Free State). The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior encouraged economic growth and immigration. This intensified the European-South African subjugation of the indigenous people. The struggle to control these important economic resources was a factor between Europeans and the indigenous population, and also between the Boers and the British.[25] The Boer Republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War (1880–1881) using guerrilla warfare tactics, which were well suited to local conditions. However, the British returned with greater numbers, more experience, and more suitable tactics in the Second Boer War (1899–1902), which was won by the British. 20th century After four years of negotiating, the Union of South Africa was created from the Cape and Natal colonies, as well as the republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal, on 31 May 1910, exactly eight years after the end of the Second Boer War. The newly created Union of South Africa was a dominion of Great Britain. The Natives’ Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by ‘blacks’; at that stage they had control of a mere 7% of the country. The amount of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased.[26] In 1931 the union was effectively granted independence from the United Kingdom with the passage of the Statute of Westminster. In 1934, the South African Party and National Party merged to form the United Party, seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English-speaking â€Å"Whites†. In 1939 the party split over the entry of the Union into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which the National Party followers strongly opposed. â€Å"For use by white persons† – sign from the apartheid eraIn 1948, the National Party was elected to power. It intensified the implementation of racial segregation begun under Dutch and British colonial rule, and subsequent South African governments since the Union was formed. The Nationalist Government systematised existing segregationist laws, classifying all peoples into three races, developing rights and limitations for each, such as pass laws and residential restrictions. The white minority controlled the vastly larger black majority. The system of segregation became known collectively as apartheid. While the White minority enjoyed the highest standard of living in all of Africa, often comparable to First World western nations, the Black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard, including income, education, housing, and life expectancy. On 31 May 1961, following a whites-only referendum, the country became a republic and left the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be head of state, and the last Governor-General became State President. Apartheid became increasingly controversial, leading to widespread international sanctions, divestment and growing unrest and oppression within South Africa. A long period of harsh suppression by the government, and at times violent resistance, strikes, marches, protests, and sabotage by bombing and other means, by various anti-apartheid movements, most notably the African National Congress (ANC), followed. In the late 1970s, South Africa began a programme of nuclear weapons development. In the following decade, it produced six deliverable nuclear weapons. The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all, the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa, which would ultimately end with the negotiations between F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela in 1993. In 1990 the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling discrimination when it lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other political organisations. It released Nelson Mandela from prison after twenty-seven years’ incarceration on a sabotage sentence. A negotiation process known as the Convention for a Democratic South Africa was started. The government repealed apartheid legislation. South Africa destroyed its nuclear arsenal and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. South Africa held its first multi-racial elections in 1994, which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority. It has been in power ever since. In post-apartheid South Africa, unemployment has been extremely high. While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes, the overall unemployment rate of blacks worsened between 1994 and 2003.[27] Poverty among whites, previously rare, increased.[28] While some have attributed this partly to the legacy of the apartheid system, increasingly many attribute it to the failure of the current government’s policies. In addition, the current government has struggled to achieve the monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth. Since the ANC-led government took power, the United Nations Human Development Index of South Africa has fallen, while it was steadily rising until the mid-1990s.[29] Some of this could possibly be attributed to the AIDS pandemic and the failure of the government to take steps to address it.[30] Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliÉ ¬aÉ ¬a manˈdeË la];), born 18 July 1918, [1] served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first South-African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of the African National Congress’s armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. The South African courts convicted him on charges of sabotage, as well as other crimes committed while he led the movement against apartheid. In accordance with his conviction’s sentence, Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela supported reconciliation and negotiation, and helped lead the transition towards multi-racial democracy in South Africa. Since the end of apartheid, many have frequently praised Mandela, including former opponents. In South Africa he is often known as Madiba, an honorary title adopted by elders of Mandela’s clan. The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela. Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades, most notably the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. In November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly announced that Mandela’s birthday, 18 July, is to be known as ‘Mandela Day’ to mark his contribution to world freedom.[2] Apartheid (Afrikaans pronunciation: [É Ã‹Ë†pÉ rtÉ ¦Ã‰â„¢it], separateness) was a system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained. Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times, but apartheid as an official policy was introduced following the general election of 1948. New legislation classified inhabitants into racial groups (â€Å"black†, â€Å"white†, â€Å"coloured†, and â€Å"Yellow†), and residential areas were segregated by means of forced removals. From 1958, Blacks were deprived of their citizenship, legally becoming citizens of one of ten tribally based self-governing homelands called bantustans, four of which became nominally independent states. The government segregated education, medical care, and other public services, and provided black people with services inferior to those of whites. Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance and violence as well as a long trade embargo against South Africa.[1] A series of popular uprisings and protests were met with the banning of opposition and imprisoning of anti-apartheid leaders. As unrest spread and became more violent, state organizations responded with increasing repression and state-sponsored violence. Reforms to apartheid in the 1980s failed to quell the mounting opposition, and in 1990 President Frederik Willem de Klerk began negotiations to end apartheid, culminating in multi-racial democratic elections in 1994, which were won by the African National Congress under Nelson Mandela. The vestiges of apartheid still shape South African politics and society.[2] After decades in a Robben Island prison, Nelson Mandela (Morgan Freeman) is released in 1990 and works immediately to bring about the end of apartheid and the initiation of full democratic elections where the black majority population can vote. Mandela wins the race for President of South Africa and takes office in 1994. His immediate challenge is â€Å"balancing black aspirations with white fears.† The country’s still-present racial tensions are shown, in part, through Mandela’s security team, which is composed both of new black and old white officials. The black and white groups are immediately hostile to one another despite sharing the same job and goal. While Mandela attempts to tackle the country’s largest problems – including crime and unemployment – he attends a game of the Springboks, the country’s rugby union team. Non-whites in the stadium cheer against their home squad, as the Springboks (their history, players and even their colours) represent prejudice and apartheid in their mind. Knowing that South Africa is set to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup in one year’s time, Mandela convinces the South African rugby board to keep the Springbok team, name and colours the same. He then meets with the Springboks’ captain Franà §ois Pienaar (Matt Damon). Though Mandela never verbalizes his true meaning during their meeting, Pienaar understands the message below the surface: if the Springboks can gain the support of non-white South Africans and succeed in the upcoming World Cup, the country will be unified and inspired. Mandela also shares with Pienaar that a poem, Invictus, had been inspiring to him during his time in prison, helping him to â€Å"stand when all he wanted to do was lie down†. Pienaar and his teammates train, but the players (all but one are white) voice disapproval that they are to be envoys to the poor and public – fearing exhaustion from overwork. Mandela, too, hears disapproval from friends and family. Many more, both white and non-white citizens and politicians, began to express doubts on using sport to unite a nation torn apart by some 50 years of racial tensions. For many non-white, especially the radicals, the Springboks symbolised white supremacy and they did not want to support their national team. As the tournament approaches, Mandela collapses from exhaustion and the Springboks’ only non-white player, Chester Williams, is sidelined with a pulled hamstring. Things begin to change, however, as the players went around interacting with the locals. During the opening games, support for the Springboks begins to grow amongst the non-white population. By the second game Williams is fit once again. Citizens of all races turn out in numbers to show their unanimous support for the Springboks. At the suggestion of several security guards, Mandela decides to sport a Springbok jersey with Pienaar’s number 6 on it to show his support and his name is chanted repeatedly by the home crowd during his entrance, a contrast to a previous rugby match scene, in which Mandela is booed by some of the whites in the crowd. As momentum builds, even the security team members become at ease with each other and the black members who disliked rugby eventually began to enthusiastically support their national team alongside their white colleagues. The Springboks, possessing a sub-par record, were not expected to go very far and are expected to lose in the quarterfinals. They surpass all expectations and make the final, only to face the New Zealand rugby team – called the All Blacks – the most successful rugby team in the world, the favourites to win the World Cup and historically the Springboks’ greatest rivals. Roared on by a large home crowd of both whites and non-white, Pienaar motivates his team to overcome their doubts and push their bodies to the limits. After ending in a tie, the game goes into extra time, where the Springboks win on a long drop kick from fly-half Joel Stransky (Scott Eastwood) and a score of 15-12. Mandela and Pienaar meet on the field together to celebrate the improbable victory amidst a crowd of some 62,000 fans—of all races. Once there, Mandela thanks Pienaar for his service to the nation, but Pienaar insists the President that he deserves the real thanks. In one particular scene, some white police officers celebrate by hoisting a young black boy, who had been lingering near their vehicle to listen to the radio broadcast of the game, onto their shoulders.

A Separate Peace

In â€Å"A Separate Peace†, John Knowles uses the characters come to understand the difference between fantasy and reality, innocence and  experience, and sympathy and hatred. Phineas uses denial to protect himself against the reality of war. One person can need protection to hide from an  experience  that's been haunting their lives like a death in the family. They need this protection to help them move on in life and find peace within themselves again. Some need protection from war in the thought of death during battle.This kind of protection is more physical then emotional in that it's asking for protection that would shield any bullet that could  enter the  body. Others need an emotional type of protection from jealousy and hatred and to  escape  their fears and from truth. This could be needed to help one get through the day and live without having to hide from other people's jealousy and hatred. In â€Å"A Separate Peace† by John Knowles, Phineas nee ds protection from the truth and reality.With this, John Knowles compares reality and the truth by exhibiting the cast as a barrier that protects Phineas from the world around him, as well as the thing of craziness and reality, of innocence and  knowledge, and of love and disgust. Phineas' defensive attitude towards the war and life in general is a result  of his anxious character not wanting to accept the changes around him, leading him into denial for his friendship with Gene and the world outside the Devon school.When Phineas hears about the war, he puts himself into complete denial as he tells Gene, â€Å"Don't be a sap,' he gazed with cool self-possession at me, ‘there isn't any war†¦ that's what this whole war story is a horrible drug† (107). Phineas doesn't believe that there is a war going on. This is one of the things that Phineas hides and can't face. Towards the end, Phineas tells Gene that the one thing Phineas is mad about is not being able to do a nything once he breaks his leg again, is that he can't go away to war.This shows that Phineas probably told Gene that he didn't believe in war to hide his real emotions. When Phineas shows that he is in denial about reality and can't handle the truth, Gene states, â€Å"To begin joking, would have been a hypocritical denial, of what had happened, and Phineas was not capable of that† (109). Gene doesn't think that Phineas can take the truth and won't accept reality. This shows the way Gene sees Phineas as a person, who can't handle reality and who is living his life in denial.Phineas was in such a mind state that he couldn't even be joked around with as a  result  of his unbearable attitude towards his leg situation. As the fact of reality, when Phineas was pushed from the tree by Gene, he started to be seen before him, Phineas cries, â€Å"I don't care,' Phineas interrupted in an even voice, so full of richness that it overrode all the others. I don't care† (168) I nstead of facing the fact that he was pushed out of the tree and move on to other things, he dwelled on the past, not believing anything.This shows the way Phineas views his life and his attitude towards the world, which was that he spends his time successively from the truth about how he fell from the tree and that there isn't a war occurring around him. Phineas lives his life by hiding from the truth, the cast acting like a barrier keeping him away from accepting the differences, both emotional and physical, that  result  from his broken leg. The cast represents his deception of Gene, reality, and what makes him realize that he will never be able to play the sports that play a key part in his life.When Phineas is notified that he will never be able to play sports again, all he wants is someone to carry his sportsmanship for him, and that is when he tells Gene, â€Å"Listen, pal, if I can't play sports; you're going to play them for me,' and I lost apart of myself to him then and a soaring sense of freedom, revealed that this might have been my purpose from the first; to become a part of Phineas† (77). Phineas loses the ability to play sports and wants Gene to do that for him, but Phineas also loses his innocence..He feels as if his whole purpose after Phineas' accident was to become a part of him and do what he no longer will be able to do. It suddenly occurs to Gene that Phineas may never be able to walk again, let alone play sports, and this is when he states, â€Å"Then my eyes fell on the bound cast white mass pointing at me, and as it was always to do, it brought me down out of Finny's world of creation, down again as I had fell after awakening that morning, down to reality, to the facts† (107 and 108).Gene didn't realize the outcome of his actions toward Phineas until Gene saw Phineas' side. Finny had a world of creation where he wouldn't face the truth and the cast acted like a barrier that sustains Phineas from facing the truth. Whe n Phineas tells Gene his feelings of hatred towards him, Gene's description of Phineas is, â€Å"He struggled clumsily for such a length of time that even my mind, slowed and shocked as if it had been, was able to formulate two realizations: that his leg was bound†¦ nd that he was struggling to unleash his hate against me† (176). Gene knows about Phineas' feelings of hatred towards him and how Phineas feels about the whole accident. The act wasn't only a barrier for the truth, but a wall that was trying to unleash his hate for Gene and for what he did to Phineas' wonderful life. A Separate Peace In â€Å"A Separate Peace†, John Knowles uses the characters come to understand the difference between fantasy and reality, innocence and  experience, and sympathy and hatred. Phineas uses denial to protect himself against the reality of war. One person can need protection to hide from an  experience  that's been haunting their lives like a death in the family. They need this protection to help them move on in life and find peace within themselves again. Some need protection from war in the thought of death during battle.This kind of protection is more physical then emotional in that it's asking for protection that would shield any bullet that could  enter the  body. Others need an emotional type of protection from jealousy and hatred and to  escape  their fears and from truth. This could be needed to help one get through the day and live without having to hide from other people's jealousy and hatred. In â€Å"A Separate Peace† by John Knowles, Phineas nee ds protection from the truth and reality.With this, John Knowles compares reality and the truth by exhibiting the cast as a barrier that protects Phineas from the world around him, as well as the thing of craziness and reality, of innocence and  knowledge, and of love and disgust. Phineas' defensive attitude towards the war and life in general is a result  of his anxious character not wanting to accept the changes around him, leading him into denial for his friendship with Gene and the world outside the Devon school.When Phineas hears about the war, he puts himself into complete denial as he tells Gene, â€Å"Don't be a sap,' he gazed with cool self-possession at me, ‘there isn't any war†¦ that's what this whole war story is a horrible drug† (107). Phineas doesn't believe that there is a war going on. This is one of the things that Phineas hides and can't face. Towards the end, Phineas tells Gene that the one thing Phineas is mad about is not being able to do a nything once he breaks his leg again, is that he can't go away to war.This shows that Phineas probably told Gene that he didn't believe in war to hide his real emotions. When Phineas shows that he is in denial about reality and can't handle the truth, Gene states, â€Å"To begin joking, would have been a hypocritical denial, of what had happened, and Phineas was not capable of that† (109). Gene doesn't think that Phineas can take the truth and won't accept reality. This shows the way Gene sees Phineas as a person, who can't handle reality and who is living his life in denial.Phineas was in such a mind state that he couldn't even be joked around with as a  result  of his unbearable attitude towards his leg situation. As the fact of reality, when Phineas was pushed from the tree by Gene, he started to be seen before him, Phineas cries, â€Å"I don't care,' Phineas interrupted in an even voice, so full of richness that it overrode all the others. I don't care† (168) I nstead of facing the fact that he was pushed out of the tree and move on to other things, he dwelled on the past, not believing anything.This shows the way Phineas views his life and his attitude towards the world, which was that he spends his time successively from the truth about how he fell from the tree and that there isn't a war occurring around him. Phineas lives his life by hiding from the truth, the cast acting like a barrier keeping him away from accepting the differences, both emotional and physical, that  result  from his broken leg. The cast represents his deception of Gene, reality, and what makes him realize that he will never be able to play the sports that play a key part in his life.When Phineas is notified that he will never be able to play sports again, all he wants is someone to carry his sportsmanship for him, and that is when he tells Gene, â€Å"Listen, pal, if I can't play sports; you're going to play them for me,' and I lost apart of myself to him then and a soaring sense of freedom, revealed that this might have been my purpose from the first; to become a part of Phineas† (77). Phineas loses the ability to play sports and wants Gene to do that for him, but Phineas also loses his innocence..He feels as if his whole purpose after Phineas' accident was to become a part of him and do what he no longer will be able to do. It suddenly occurs to Gene that Phineas may never be able to walk again, let alone play sports, and this is when he states, â€Å"Then my eyes fell on the bound cast white mass pointing at me, and as it was always to do, it brought me down out of Finny's world of creation, down again as I had fell after awakening that morning, down to reality, to the facts† (107 and 108).Gene didn't realize the outcome of his actions toward Phineas until Gene saw Phineas' side. Finny had a world of creation where he wouldn't face the truth and the cast acted like a barrier that sustains Phineas from facing the truth. Whe n Phineas tells Gene his feelings of hatred towards him, Gene's description of Phineas is, â€Å"He struggled clumsily for such a length of time that even my mind, slowed and shocked as if it had been, was able to formulate two realizations: that his leg was bound†¦ nd that he was struggling to unleash his hate against me† (176). Gene knows about Phineas' feelings of hatred towards him and how Phineas feels about the whole accident. The act wasn't only a barrier for the truth, but a wall that was trying to unleash his hate for Gene and for what he did to Phineas' wonderful life.

Social Exclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social Exclusion - Essay Example As the discussion explores social exclusion can be seen as an â€Å"analytical concept† which guides us to the means by which social structures can result in poverty. De Haan emphasizes the need to use social exclusion in development studies, stressing that it helps focus attention on the important aspects of deprivation, is equally important in making analysis and policies, and shows us the fact that deprivation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. This paper declares that the World Bank has adopted social exclusion as an issue, stating that: â€Å"Discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity, race, religion, or social status can lead to social exclusion and lock people into long-term poverty traps†. Regional and country studies on social exclusion have included sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, India, Tanzania, Brazil, Yemen and Peru. The importance of social exclusion as a concept, vis-à  -vis poverty, is that it provides a â€Å"broader view of deprivation and disadvantage than poverty†. The important consideration in the social exclusion discourse is how it can be measured and indicators set that are distinct from poverty. Robinson and Oppenheim noted that â€Å"it is as yet unclear how one would define, measure and track social and political exclusion.† There have also been criticisms on social exclusion for its emphasis on the â€Å"residual rather than relational aspects of poverty† and tha t â€Å"exclusion has replaced exploitation†.

Diversity and Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diversity and Human Resource - Essay Example The challenge to remain competitive in the current global markets has forced many organizations to change their views on managing the diversity of their workforce. Not only is the diversification of the workforce unavoidable but it has also become essential to tap into the competitive market of talent in the world today for any organization to remain competitive. (Cross, 1994, 110-114) The main reason why diversity should be seen as different function rather than part of human resource is because The definition of diversity among people can be generally defined as the differences between people, physical and psychological. This includes all demographic and cultural differences like age, gender, race, culture, religion, ethnicity, disabilities, personal beliefs, family structure and lifestyle, paying little attention to work skills. (Morrison, 1992, 42-48) This is however not in any way comprehensive, as diversity among people is practically limitless and is constantly evolving with time and the global environment. Outstanding differences are obvious like race and age but some can be difficult to identify especially perceived differences, which vary based on experiences and relationships like lifestyle and personality. (Ellis, 1994, 79-110) Valuing diversity is an important element in organisations today and managing diversity is vital for success. ... Why is diversity becoming an important issue Previously, the diversity of an organization's workforce has mainly been due to legal compliance as in many countries, there are laws against discrimination. However, globalization of the world markets including the employment market is causing dramatic change in the way businesses are run. (Ellis, 1994, 79-110) Globalizations means new open markets with new customers which requires products or services that are suited for these markets. It also means new type of employment market which is extremely diverse. Limiting factors like geography are becoming less an issue as technology advances in travel and communication makes the world increasingly accessible. Diversity is becoming an unavoidable issue that must be addressed if the organization is to successfully adapt to these changes. Organizational goals of diversity today include creation of positive organizational culture and deriving economic value from diversity (Hellriegel 1999 ). In recent years, the field of Human Resource Management has moved to consider not only micro but also macro relationships. The micro focus, evolving from industrial psychology, emphasized human resource policies and their influence on individuals. This focus was concerned exclusively with such outcomes as job satisfaction and employee participation. The macro focus shifts the level of analysis from the individual to the organization. Diversity Orientation: Configurational View Diversity becomes significant organizational objective and diversity management becomes particularly salient because of the natural tendency toward homogeneity in

Supplemental Vitamins Vs. Natural Vitamins Research Paper

Supplemental Vitamins Vs. Natural Vitamins - Research Paper Example Scientists and nutritionists around the world have failed to form a consensus on the efficacy and usefulness of supplements. While some studies show that supplements do in fact help prevent diseases and assist in meeting nutritional requirements, latest studies reveal that the side effects of such man-made drugs are harmful. A study conducted in 2007 of 77,721 men and women smokers to identify whether or not the intake of supplemental multivitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate helped reduce lung cancer is one such interesting find (Christopher G. Slatore). Over a ten year period, it was found that 521 cases of lung cancer were reported among the sample and it was found that these supplements did not present a reduction in the probability of lung cancer in the sample. Furthermore, it was found that vitamin E was actually linked to a slight increase in the risk of the lung cancer instead. On the other hand, there are studies that point to the advantages of supplements as a means of meeting nutritional needs. One such study, conducted on breastfeeding infants, suggests that dark-skinned infants who are fed only on breast milk should be given a vitamin D supplementation of 400IU daily. The study suggests that these infants would not receive the daily Vitamin D requirement based solely on their diet and would be at high risk of developing rickets (Kreiter SR).