Colonization Across the Globe Essay -- Colonies World History Economy

Colonization Across the GlobeAfter Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies in 1492, Spain and Portugal started disputing areas of influence on the South American continent. The dispute was eventu altogethery settled by the Pope (Alexander VI), who in 1493, drew up defined areas of influence for the two nations with the idea of spreading Christianity to the natives in those territories. In time the Portuguese ground became known as Brazil, hence the working language of that democracy to this day is Portuguese, while most of the rest of the continent speaks Spanish. On 1 haughty 1498, during his third voyage, Columbus finally sighted the South American mainland for the first off time. The next white explorer to reach the continent was the Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral, who anchored off the coast of present day Brazil in April 1500 - a territory which he wherefore claimed for Portugal. However, the claim was ignored for more than 30 years by Portugal itself, whose trav erseors had in the interim sailed round Africa to India. During this time of Portuguese indifference, the Spanish seized the foremost in Central America and the West Indies. In 1519, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, then employed by the Spaniards, first sailed up the Rio de la Plata River. He then proceeded south and in November 1520, first sailed round the southernmost part of South America and sighted the Pacific Ocean. 1. SpainIn 1519, Cortes with about 600 men set sail for South America with a few cannon and horses. A last minute dispute with the Spanish governor saw Cortes expedition being formally cancelled, but Cortes continued, later bringing back gold and other riches to the Spanish crown as justification for his expedition. The army sailed west along the disjuncture Coast, engaging in a major battle against a local tribe.It was at this first battle that Cortes realized the technological advantage the Europeans possessed firebrand armour, guns, cannons and even horses were completely unknown to the people of Central America, and many tribesmen fled at the very sight of a powerful charge horse. These advantages were pressed home remorselessly, and all the native tribes in Central and South America were to pay dearly for being technologically so far behind the Europeans.At the time of the Spanish conquest of Central America, the Aztecs had created an empire which... ...ess Cixi. The terrorist activities of the Boxer society gradually increased during 1899, with Boxer bands attacking all whites on sight. When these bands entered the Chinese capital, Peking, the whites powers sent a nice armed column to the Chinese capital to protect the few whites in the city. On 16 June 1900, the Empress Cixi ordered Chinese troops to attack the whites army which was alleviate outside Peking. Then on 18 June 1900, the Empress Cixi publicly called on the Chinese to kill all the whites they could find. Many whites were then murdered large numbers fled into the bastioned foreign embassies in the city. There they were besieged by Chinese. Finally, a combined army consisting of British, French, Russian, German, American and Japanese troops entered Peking on 14 August 1900, relieving the besieged foreign embassies. Peking was then occupied by the whites powers for a year until September 1901, when the Chinese signed a peace treaty in terms of which they had to pay a large indemnity and grant the whites powers the compensate to station troops in Peking to safeguard the embassies. This situation remained unaltered right up until the early part of the 20th century.

Severe Burns: Neutrophil and Complement Levels Essay -- Medicine

Mortality rate in glow patients continues at a steady 5-10%, 75% of those deaths are related to sepsis (2). In order to understand why, we must elucidate the nature of the innate immune system in these patients. The innate immune system is the first line falsification versus pathogens from the outside world. Burn patients receive a double hit to their first line defenses due to the nature of thermal injury to tissue. The skin barrier is parted, the ardour begins, and though the numbers of neutrophils increases substantially in solution to the elevations in compliment activation at the tissue level (1), it seems that the behavior of these neutrophils is aberrant (2). Neutrophils in burn patients were found to be impaired in their ability to adhere, phagocytose, and kill off pathogens via the oxidative burst. Additionally, they were found to have decreased migration speed with abnormal directionality in response to chemoattractants (2). One study suggested that neutrophils in burn patients became desensitized to C5a. In the rich inflammatory cytokine milieu, which develops after a severe burn, support levels increase dramatically, but neutrophils downregulate their C5a receptors and their migrant directional speed decreases (3). This is the perfect situation for the wandering pathogen to invade and sneak past the bodys defenses in the chaos of a massive breach in security. Three studies are presented here to describe the relationship between complement and neutrophils in the severely burned patient. Van de Goot et al. demonstrated that plasma complement levels initially decreased, then rose sharply and stayed elevated for months afterward. Complement levels correlated with the severity of the burn wound and subsequent sc... ...enter around how to control the inflammatory response to the thermal injury such that wound healing occurs more quickly with less scarring, while preserving the patients ability to fight infectious agents with normal neutrophil respo nses. kit and caboodle Cited1. Van de Goot et al. Acute Inflammation is Persistent Locally in Burn Wounds A Pivotal Role for Complement and C-Reactive Protein. Journal of Burn Care and look 2009 30274-280.2. Butler KL, Ambravaneswaran V, Agrawal N, Bilodeau M, Toner M, et al. (2010) Burn Injury Reduces Neutrophil Directional Migration Speed in Microfluidic Devices. PLoS ONE 5(7) e11921. doi10.1371/journal.pone.00119213. Solomkin JS, Nelson RD, Chenoweth DE, Solem LD, Simmons RL. Regulation of Neutrophil Migratory Function in Burn Injury by Complement Activation Products. Annals of Surgery 1984 Vol 200 No. 6 742-746.

Essays --

You only probably celebrate this December time with caroling kids to decorating your Christmas tree. We all love Christmas and its holiday cheer. But today I want to talk about a place that holds many great traditions, the country we all cognize and love...France. You may have heard of France because of ts very famous city called Paris. French citizens excessively celebrate Christmas but they also celebrate traditions and celebrations that are very distinguishable from how we usually preform occasions here. France is located above Spain, below the United Kingdom, and to the right of the Atlantic Ocean. In France, I would say that the biggest celebrated tradition is cognize as le reveillon the holiday with a feast fit for ten kings. Aside from the holidays and stuff, lets talk about Frances goverment. Frances type of goverment is a semi-presidental system. Do you have a religion? Well here is some of the religions practiced in France. Some of Frances major religions are Cathol icism, Islam, and Judasim. French people also have a antithetical language than we do. French is an italic language descended from the spoken Latin language of the Roman Empire. We will get into all this later. So sit back and unbend and listen to a more about Frances points of goverment, language, religion and stuff like that. France has a very different overall perspective than the United States. So at present lets go into detail about Frances goverment. Like I said Frances goverment is a semi-presidential system. Semi-presidential system is defined as a powerful president when there is a unified majority. The Prime Minister becomes secondary to the President in all legislative and diplomatic areas. If a President is weakened by having two contend parties, presidental an... ...is also shares similar attributes. They elect a President by popular vote just like we do. But it seems to me that the Prime Minister has more control. We also have more religions than France does. T he United States as I see it is more diverse, the freedom in our country is unmatched by any other. We have Catholicism, Judasim, Baptist, Muslim, Protestant, Methodist, Pentacostal, Non-Denominational, Buddahism, Scientology, Hinduism, etcetera Proving that we accept all religious freedoms throughout our country. We may not all agree but atleast the freedom is there. Also I have learned alot on the other traditions and pratices in France. Like the french Ballet, it is the dance always associated with France when it did not begin with french origins. I would have to conclude in saying that I would love to visit France and see for myself what I have only read about.

Aquaria In Relation To Science :: essays research papers

The hobby of weight keeping is much more difficult than it seems. It is also directly dependant on science. The bacteriuml cycle is one aspect related to science. As is how different sieves work. Water conditions such as temperature, ph, and salinity play a big use in successful fish keeping as well. Science and Fish keeping go hand in hand.When a tank is first started fish waste and excess food begins to decompose at the bottom. One role of bacteria breaks it down to ammonia, which is highly poisonous to fish. Then a second type of bacteria breaks down the ammonia to nitrites, nitrites are also moderately poisonous to fish in small amounts. Lastly a third type of bacteria converts nitrites to nitrates which are not harmful to fish but build up to toxic amounts generally within a few months. That is why 20% irrigate changes every two weeks is essential to healthy fish keeping. It generally takes a tank 21 days to cycle. During those 21 days there are 3 days where the ammonia s pikes to a large amount and 2 days later on when nitrites spike generally. There are 2 types of filtration for fish tanks biological and mechanical. Biological is what I spoke about in the previous paragraph. Those bacteria grow best on objects besides gravel. That is why having plastic plants and other dcor in the tank doesnt just make the tank look nice but also give the bacteria a better plant to grow. Mechanical filtration aids in biological filtration in two ways, the water is filtered through a medium that helps dissolve the ammonia and nitrites into smaller pieces easier for the bacteria to convert, and filter out bigger objects from the water such as excess food. Generally the filter media is activated carbon within a floss cartridge.The ph grade in a tank doesnt generally matter for basic to medium aquarium hobbyist. As long as it is between 6.5 and 7.2, ph ranges from acerbic to base water. Some fish however like higher more acidic ph values, where as some fish are very accented in acidic water and are more susceptible to disease and death. Temperature is very important to maintain to a certain extent. Most tropical and coarseness-water fish enjoy temperatures from 68F-78F. It is essential to have a heater in your tank to maintain the temperature. Salinity is important to monitor and control in salt water tanks.

Aging in America Essay -- Senior Citizens Papers

Aging in America Today, America is an senior(a) society. Everyone that was once youthful is getting to that ripe old age. There are many problems that are associated with getting older. It is estimated that 2.1 million older Americans are victims of physical, psychological, or other form of abuse. This is an conscienceless number It is also estimated that for every case of elder abuse there are five cases that go unheard of. A problem that our older contemporaries faces is financial issues. This also can include health care, but it has many, many more issues. Take for example social security. This is what older and retired people are forced to brook off of. What happens if there is non enough to go around? Our society is not conducive to the aged unless wealthy. You see many older people work these days, if they can, to make ends meet. It is sad that when you go and see Grandma and Grandpa, they hav e to take off work or you have to work around their schedules. I opinion it was the other way around. What is it going to be like when the younger generation retires? The biggest problem that faces the elders in America is general health decline. Older Americans so not have the money to provide for healthcare. There are barriers that can contribute to this problem. The lack of parity for mental health services in private amends and Medicare, poor diagnosis and referral services in primary care, and an insufficient geriatric mental health workforce. This can make it hard for older Americans to get the healthcare that they need. Take for example, eye care. The most common sight threatening dise... ...t disorder, many older adults will have experienced previous bouts of depression and will be at increased risk. Risk factors for late-onset depression include widowhood, physical problems, educational attainment less than high school, impaired functi onal status, and heavy alcohol consumption. dispirited older adults tend to utilize health services at high rates, engage in poorer health behaviors, and evidence what is known as excess disability. The older Americans are facing some hard times. Some say it is as hard or harder than fighting in some of the wars many of them fought. The most grave issue that is facing them today is abuse. In our group, we all agreed this was the worst. It is sometimes hard to detect abuse. Most older folks who are abused are afraid to say anything for feat of the abuser.

Aging in America Essay -- Senior Citizens Papers

Aging in America Today, America is an ancienter society. Everyone that was once young is getting to that ripe old age. There are many problems that are associated with getting older. It is estimated that 2.1 million older Ameri dismisss are victims of physical, psychological, or other form of abuse. This is an outrageous number It is also estimated that for either case of elder abuse there are five cases that go unheard of. A problem that our older generation faces is financial issues. This also can include healthcare, but it has many, many more issues. Take for example social security. This is what older and retired people are forced to live off of. What happens if there is non enough to go around? Our society is not conducive to the aged unless wealthy. You see many older people working these days, if they can, to make ends meet. It is sad that when you go and see Grandma and Grandpa, they have to take off work or you have to work around their schedules. I thought it was the other way around. What is it passing game to be like when the younger generation retires? The biggest problem that faces the elders in America is general health decline. Older Americans so not have the money to rear for healthcare. There are barriers that can contribute to this problem. The lack of parity for mental health go in private insurance and Medicare, poor diagnosis and referral services in primary care, and an insufficient geriatric mental health workforce. This can make it hard for older Americans to get the healthcare that they need. Take for example, eye care. The well-nigh common sight threatening dise... ...t disorder, many older adults will have experienced previous bouts of depression and will be at increased risk. chance factors for late-onset depression include widowhood, physical problems, educational attainment less than high school, impaired func tional status, and heavy alcohol consumption. Depressed older adults tend to utilize health services at high rates, engage in poorer health behaviors, and evidence what is known as excess disability. The older Americans are facing many hard times. Some say it is as hard or harder than fighting in some of the wars many of them fought. The most important issue that is facing them at present is abuse. In our group, we all agreed this was the worst. It is sometimes hard to detect abuse. Most older folks who are abused are afraid to say anything for attempt of the abuser.